利用地域野生资源创制地方适栽的优质香菇新品种

香菇是我国深受欢迎的食药用菌,产量居食用菌产业之首。为拓宽栽培香菇菌株的遗传背景,解决现有主栽香菇菌株种性退化的问题,本研究以香菇‘808’菌株与3个香菇野生资源、3个栽培菌株（辽抚4号、BY1和荷香）开展单-双杂交育种,开发适合当地栽培环境的主栽品种。研究结果显示：在270对单-双杂交组合中,通过锁状联合观察和与亲本的拮抗试验,鉴定出89个杂交子,进一步通过栽培试验筛选出10个性状相对优良的候选菌株;最终通过农艺性状对比试验,筛选出ZJXG 5和ZJXG 8两个优良杂交菌株,这两个菌株均以当地长白山野生资源S1和本地主栽菌株BY1为双核杂交亲本选育而来,表现出超亲显著、菇形圆整、颜色呈浅褐色的特性,前4潮生物学效率在86%-88%之间。本研究结果揭示,在香菇杂交育种中,当亲本菌株来源地域与杂交后代菌株筛选地域相近时,单双杂交亲和率、杂交菌株的出菇率和丰产性指标较高,这提示我们,利用当地野生香菇资源更有利于创制适合当地自然环境的地方品种。     

强力霉素抗性基因目标供体菌、受体菌和接合子的筛选及鉴定

目的为进一步研究环境中病原微生物目标供体菌强力霉素抗性基因(Dox)水平传播机制奠定基础。方法以强力霉素抗性基因为筛选指标,通过药敏试验从7个菌株中筛选出遗传型分别为Dox~RX~S的候选供体菌和Dox~SX~R的候选受体菌(X代表不是强力霉素的抗生素),将供、受体菌共培养后筛选出遗传型为Dox~RX~R的接合子。分别测定X对目标供体菌、Dox对目标受体菌的最小抑菌浓度。对目标供、受体菌从形态学、生理生化、分子生物学和BIOLOG方面进行鉴定。结果研究的7个病原菌均为多重耐药,最多能耐受15种抗生素,对链霉素、萘啶酮酸和磺胺二甲嘧啶的耐药率最高(100%),对庆大霉素、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率最低(0%)。目标供体菌、受体菌和接合子Con-Ⅱ基因型分别为Dox~RKan~S、Dox~SKan~R和Dox~RKan~R。Kan对目标供体菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.310 0μg/mL,Dox对目标受体菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.048 8μg/mL。目标供体菌(Dox~RKan~S)鉴定为Escherichia coli O157:H7(E.coli O157:H7),目标受体菌TR-M30-1(Dox~SKan~R)鉴定为产酸克雷伯菌。结论目标供体菌为E.coli O157:H7(Dox~RKan~S),目标受体菌为TR-M30-1(Dox~SKan~R),接合子为Con-Ⅱ(Dox~RKan~R)。     

向日葵菌核病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及防效测定

[背景] 由核盘菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）引起的菌核病是影响向日葵产量的重要病害,近年来在我国内蒙古和甘肃等地频繁发生。[目的] 挖掘能够对向日葵菌核病进行生物防治的拮抗菌株和有效方法。[方法] 用4种不同的培养基通过稀释涂布法对向日葵健康植株的根际土壤菌群进行分离,利用平板对峙实验筛选出对核盘菌有抑制作用的菌株。选取拮抗作用较强的菌株进行向日葵离体叶片防效测定,采用形态学特征、生理生化特性结合16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌种鉴定,并配制成不同单菌剂和复合菌剂进行盆栽实验,测定活体防效。[结果] 从土壤中共分离出142株菌,从中筛选到12株抑菌圈明显的拮抗菌株。其中拮抗菌Bacillus sp.NM63、JQ134、J7、J33和Streptomyces sp.Z9、ZX6抑菌圈直径大于25 mm,这6株菌在向日葵离体叶片防效测定实验中效果显著。菌株NM63、JQ134、J7、Z9、J33和ZX6单菌剂盆栽实验的防治效果依次为79.06%、74.10%、70.72%、67.83%、65.11%和57.11%。菌株配比为Z9：NM63：JQ134：J7=1：1：1：1的复合发酵菌剂Ⅰ对向日葵盆栽的活体防效为81.43%,菌株配比为Z9：NM63：JQ134：J7=1：2：2：1的复合发酵菌剂Ⅱ对向日葵盆栽的活体防效为85.88%。[结论] 筛选鉴定出多株对核盘菌具有较强抑制作用的拮抗菌株,复合菌剂Ⅱ对向日葵菌核病的防治具有显著效果。     

拮抗临床致病菌的一株地衣内生真菌

本研究运用组织分离法对采自贵州省都匀市斗篷山景区的地衣进行内生真菌分离,乙酸乙酯萃取菌株液体发酵物,通过打孔法筛选地衣内生真菌提取物并对9株临床致病菌株及耐药菌株进行抑菌活性实验。结果表明一株分离自星点梅衣属地衣Punctelia sp.的内生真菌DPS-165-9对其中的6株显示抑制活性。此6株菌为金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus 25923和6538、耐药表面葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis Z12、耐药布氏杆菌Brucella sp. B103、耐药枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis 163和耐药藤黄微球菌Micrococcus luteus 261。经鉴定DPS-165-9为蔡氏轮层炭壳菌Daldinia childiae。本研究为下一步挖掘新的抗菌物质奠定基础。     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育花脸香蘑新菌株

花脸香蘑作为一种营养丰富、菇型美观的珍稀食用菌,具有良好的开发利用价值。利用常压室温等离子体（ARTP）技术对野生花脸香蘑菌株610双核菌丝片段进行了诱变处理。利用拮抗试验进行了诱变菌株初筛。通过连续传代培养,自然淘汰劣势菌株并获得诱变效应稳定的48个菌株。综合平板培养和基于ISSR和SSR联合遗传多样性分析的结果,筛选出7个诱变菌株与出发菌株共同进行出菇比较试验。出菇试验及子实体蛋白和氨基酸营养分析的结果显示：诱变菌株Ls2和Ls3为筛选出的花脸香蘑优质高产新菌株。诱变菌株较出发菌株生物学效率分别提高10.27%和14.75%,总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量以及氨基酸评分等指标也均显著高于出发菌株,品质提升效果极显著。     

A full body musculoskeletal model based on flexible multibody simulation approach utilised in bone strain analysis during human locomotion

Load-induced strains applied to bone can stimulate its development and adaptation. In order to quantify the incident strains within the skeleton, in vivo implementation of strain gauges on the surfaces of bone is typically used. However, in vivo strain measurements require invasive methodology that is challenging and limited to certain regions of superficial bones only such as the anterior surface of the tibia. Based on our previous study [Al Nazer et al. (2008) J Biomech. 41:1036–1043], an alternative numerical approach to analyse in vivo strains based on the flexible multibody simulation approach was proposed. The purpose of this study was to extend the idea of using the flexible multibody approach in the analysis of bone strains during physical activity through integrating the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique within the framework. In order to investigate the reliability and validity of the proposed approach, a three-dimensional full body musculoskeletal model with a flexible tibia was used as a demonstration example. The model was used in a forward dynamics simulation in order to predict the tibial strains during walking on a level exercise. The flexible tibial model was developed using the actual geometry of human tibia, which was obtained from three-dimensional reconstruction of MRI. Motion capture data obtained from walking at constant velocity were used to drive the model during the inverse dynamics simulation in order to teach the muscles to reproduce the motion in the forward dynamics simulation. Based on the agreement between the literature-based in vivo strain measurements and the simulated strain results, it can be concluded that the flexible multibody approach enables reasonable predictions of bone strain in response to dynamic loading. The information obtained from the present approach can be useful in clinical applications including devising exercises to prevent bone fragility or to accelerate fracture healing.     

A closer look at prion strains

Prions are infectious proteins that are responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and consist primarily of scrapie prion protein (PrP^Sc), a pathogenic isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP^C). The absence of nucleic acids as essential components of the infectious prions is the most striking feature associated to these diseases. Additionally, different prion strains have been isolated from animal diseases despite the lack of DNA or RNA molecules. Mounting evidence suggests that prion-strain-specific features segregate with different PrP^Sc conformational and aggregation states.

Strains are of practical relevance in prion diseases as they can drastically differ in many aspects, such as incubation period, PrP^Sc biochemical profile (e.g., electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio) and distribution of brain lesions. Importantly, such different features are maintained after inoculation of a prion strain into genetically identical hosts and are relatively stable across serial passages.

This review focuses on the characterization of prion strains and on the wide range of important implications that the study of prion strains involves.